Tips from the AEJMC Teaching Committee

Incorporating Diversity into Course Curricula

By Anita Fleming-Rife
Standing Committee on Teaching
Special Assistant to the President on Diversity and Equity,
University of Northern Colorado

(Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2013 issue)

“If you tell me, I forget; if you teach me, I may not remember; if you involve me, I learn.”

This Chinese proverb can be put to the test when engaging students in learning, understanding and appreciating diversity in the curriculum. All students must have a sense of place and belonging. In order to achieve this we, as educators, must provide a curriculum that is inclusive. To do so not only deepens a student’s appreciation for learning but also strengthens student-learning outcomes.

Below are ten tips that I hope will be helpful in developing a curriculum that is both diverse and inclusive:

(1) Faculty:
First, the faculty must know one’s self. Be aware of your own cultural biases, attitudes and assumptions. Try the Implicit Association Test—a great tool for self-discovery: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/.

In addition, demonstrate and model awareness, knowledge, and skills that actively affirm diversity based on race, ethnicity, gender, disability, etc. (James A. Banks Curriculum Reform Model).

(2) Respect:
Faculty must model and teach respect to each and every student regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and ableness. How? Day One: Have students break up into pairs or small groups. Allow 10 minutes:

(a) introduce themselves to each other,
(b) ask students to define respect,
(c) have the students discuss what respect means to them,
(d) have them discuss, “How do you show respect?” Back together as a large group, ask for definition, and identify like and different themes.

Point:
You don’t have to agree on a definition but acknowledge that there are differences in the definitions and we can learn from our differences. To know that there are differences helps us to understand others and ourselves. At the same time, you will want to note commonalities in understanding respect. This exercise helps create a climate in which all students feel valued and respected. This way we build inclusive communities out of diverse classrooms.

(3) Syllabus:
Have a diversity statement on your syllabus: It can be included in your teaching philosophy, or it can be a stand-alone statement. In addition, you should include as a stand-alone statement a disability statement that informs students of available resources. Your course syllabus should include learning outcomes that support multi-cultural outcomes (James A. Banks Curriculum Reform Model).

(4) Collaboration:
Make sure that when you’re assigning students to groups that there is diverse (race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and abilities) representation in those groups.

(5) Inclusion. Three levels:

(a) Infuse course with content and discourse that take serious account of our differences and similarities. On any given topic or issue—provide a variety of perspectives that reflect the voices of “others,” as well as the dominant groups.
(b) Make an effort to call on students who are not of the dominant group in the classroom. Let all students know that their viewpoints are valued.
(c) Develop assignments that provide students with opportunities to cross cultural boundaries.

(6) Students as Co-creators of Knowledge:
Facilitate the identification of student research opportunities that will empower students. Students must be able to make decisions about the work in which they will engage.

(7) Guest Speakers of Color/Sexual Orientation/Varying Abilities and Political Orientations:
Provide opportunities for your students to learn from diverse experts. They can be found on your campus, or you may use your local media outlets to find diverse professionals.

(8) Community Engagement/Service Learning:
Provide students with opportunities to work with community organizations that serve diverse groups.

(9) Stand-alone Courses:
Develop stand-alone courses that focus on diversity. For example, race, gender and class in the media; the history of Minorities and/or Women in the Media; Media Effects—where students can design their own study around race, gender, class, sexual orientation, ability—other identities.

(10) Mention Race:
Don’t be afraid to mention race in lectures. A newly minted Ph.D. told me how good it made her feel to learn that Stuart Hall was Black.

<<Teaching Corner

JLID Fellows

Universities listed were at the time of graduation from the JLID program.

JLID Fellows 2008-09 [Final class of the JLID program.]

1. Brigitta Brunner, Auburn University
2. Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Florida Institute of Technology
3. Marie Hardin, Penn State University
4. Karen Kline, Lock Haven University
5. Teresa Lamsam, University of Nebraska Omaha
6. Loren Mulraine, Middle Tennessee State University
7. Greg Pitts, Bradley University
8. William Sutton, Achieving the Dream
9. Frances Ward-Johnson, Elon University

JLID Fellows 2007-08

1. Kathy Bradshaw, Bowling Green State University
2. Carolyn Byerly, Howard University
3. Anita Fleming-Rife, Grambling State University
4. Jon Funabiki, San Francisco State University
5. Sherlynn Howard-Byrd, Alcorn State University
6. Kimberly Lauffer, Towson University
7. Julianne Newton, University of Oregon
8. Humphrey Regis, North Carolina A&T University
9. Felecia Jones Ross, Ohio State University

JLID Fellows 2006-07

1. Louise Benjamin, Associate Professor, University of Georgia
2. Linda Callahan, Professor North Carolina A&T State University
3. Rochelle Ford, Associate Professor, Howard University
4. Louisa Ha, Associate Professor, Bowling Green State University
5. Suzanne Huffman, Professor, Texas Christian University
6. Mary Jean Land, Professor, Georgia College & State University
7. Amy Reynolds, Associate Professor, Indiana University
8. Sharon Stringer, Associate Professor, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
9. Barbara Zang, Associate Professor, Worcester State College

JLID Fellows 2005-06

1. Professor Hub Brown, Associate Professor, Syracuse University
2. Dr. Lillie Fears, Associate Professor, Arkansas State University
3. Dr. Mary-Lou Galician, Associate Professor, Arizona State University
4. Dr. Robyn Goodman, Associate Professor, Alfred University
5. Dr. Derina Holtzhausen, Professor, University of South Florida
6. Dr. Sundeep Muppidi, Associate Professor, University of Hartford
7. Dr. Zeny Sarabia-Panol, Professor, Middle Tennessee State University
8. Dr. James Tsao, Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

JLID Fellows 2004-05

1. Dr. Debashis “Deb” Aikat, Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2. Dr. Elizabeth V. Burt, Associate Professor, University of Hartford
3. Dr. Dwight E. Brooks, Associate Professor, University of Georgia
4. Dr. Jinx C. Broussard, Associate Professor, Dillard University, Associate Professor, Louisiana State Univ.
5. Dr. Kris Bunton, Professor, University of St. Thomas
6. Dr. Caryl Cooper, Assistant Dean of Undergraduate Studies, Associate Professor, University of Alabama
7. Dr. Judith “Judy” Cramer, Associate Professor, St. John’s University
8. Dr. Jennifer Greer, Associate Professor, University of Nevada-Reno
9. Dr. Linda Jones, Director, School of Communication, Associate Professor, Roosevelt University
10. Dr. Therese “Terry” L. Lueck, Professor, The University of Akron
11. Dr. Virginia “Ginny” Whitehouse, Associate Professor, Whitworth College

JLID Fellows 2003-04

1. Dr. Eddith Dashiell, Ohio University, Associate Professor, Scripps School of Journalism, Associate Dean, College of Communication, Ohio University
2. Dr. Barbara DeSanto, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Associate Professor, Graduate Program Coordinator, Department of Communication Studies
3. Dr. Nancy Mitchell, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Associate Professor, Department Chair, College of Journalism and Mass Communications
4. Dr. Jan Quarles, Middle Tennessee State University, Professor, Assistant Dean, College of Mass Communication
5. Dr. Sandra Utt, University of Memphis, Associate Professor, Assistant Chair, Journalism Department
6. Dr. Liz Watts, Texas Tech University, Associate Professor, Associate Director, School of Mass Communication
7. Dr. Maria Williams-Hawkins, Ball State University, Associate Professor, Department of Telecommunication, College of Communication, Information and Media

JLID Fellows 2002-03

1. Dr. Janet Bridges, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Associate Professor, Department of Communication
2. Dr. Kathleen Endres, University of Akron, Professor, School of Communication
3. Dr. John Omachonu, William Paterson University, Associate Professor, Chair, Department of Communication
4. Dr. Federico Subervi, Pace University, Professor, Chair, Department of Communication Studies
5. Dr. Birgit Wassmuth, Drake University, Professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communication
6. Dr. Jan Whitt, University of Colorado at Boulder, Associate Professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communication
7. Dr. Lynn Zoch, University of South Carolina, Associate Professor, College of Journalism and Mass Communications

JLID Fellows 2000-02 [Inaugural class began as a two-year fellowship.]

1. Prof. Sandra Birdiette, Wayne State University
2. Dr. Kenneth Campbell, University of South Carolina
3. Dr. Shannon Campbell, University of Kansas
4. Dr. Meta Carstarphen, University of Oklahoma
5. Dr. Qingwin Dong, University of the Pacific
6. Dr. Martin Edu, Grambling State University
7. Dr. Kathleen Fearn-Banks, University of Washington
8. Dr. Camilla Gant, State University of West Georgia
9. Dr. Cathy Jackson, Norfolk State University
10. Dr. Phil Jeter, Florida A&M University
11. Dr. Carmen Manning-Miller, University of Mississippi
12. Dr. Diana Rios, University of Connecticut
13. Dr. John Sanchez, Penn State University
14. Dr. Jeanne Scafella, Murray State University
15. Dr. Linda Steiner, Rutgers University
16. Dr. Karen Turner, Temple University

Return to IDL

Book Reviews Index I, J, K, 71-80

J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003

I

IGGERS, JEREMY, Good News, Bad News: Journalism Ethics and the Public Interest (Michelle Johnson) 76:1, 172.

INABINETT, MARK, Grantland Rice and His Heroes: The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s (Randy E. Miller) 72:2, 468.

INGEBRETSEN, EDWARD J., At Stake: Monsters and the Rhetoric of Fear in Public Culture (Christopher Hanson) 79:2, 470.

INGELHART, LOUIS EDWARD, Press and Speech Freedoms In America 1619-1995 (Don H. Corrigan) 74:3, 654.

IRWIN, WILLIAM, MARK T. CONARD, and AEON J. SKOBLE, eds., The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D’oh! of Homer (Clifford Kobland) 78:4, 871.

ISIKOFF, MICHAEL, Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter’s Story (Bryce Nelson) 76:3, 615.

IYENGAR, SHANTO, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues (James W. Tankard Jr.) 72:1, 242.

IYENGAR, SHANTO and RICHARD REEVES, eds., Do the Media Govern? Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America (Bryce Nelson) 75:2, 421.

IYER, VENKAT, ed., Mass Media Laws and Regulations in India, 2d ed. (Kyu Ho Youm) 78:2, 395.

J

JACKALL, ROBERT and JANICE M. HIROTA, Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations, and the Ethos of Advocacy (Joseph P. Bernt) 77:4, 926.

JACKALL, ROBERT, ed., Propaganda (John Butler) 73:1, 262.

JACKAWAY, GWENYTH L., Media at War: Radio’s Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939 (Catherine Cassara) 73:4, 1006.

JACKSON, GORDON S., Breaking Story: The South African Press (Arnold S. De Beer) 71:3, 735.

JACKSON, KATE, George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880-1910: Culture and Profit, The Nineteenth Century Series (James D. Startt) 79:2, 486.

JAMIESON, KATHLEEN HALL, KEN AULETTA, and THOMAS E. PATTERSON, 1-800-President: The Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Television and the Campaign of 1992 (Doris A. Graber) 71:1, 240.

JAMIESON, KATHLEEN HALL and PAUL WALDMAN, The Press Effect (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731.

JARMUL, DAVID, ed., Headline News, Science Views II (Jon Ziomek) 71:1, 227.

JASSIN, LLOYD J. and STEVEN C. SCHECHTER, The Copyright Permission and Libel Handbook: A Step-By-Step Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers (Frances Wilhoit) 75:2, 437.

JEFFREY, ROBIN, India’s Newspaper Revolution: Capitalism, Politics and the Indian-Language Press 1977-1999 (Anantha Babbili) 78:1, 201.

JENNINGS, KENNETH M., Labor Relations at The New York Daily News: Peripheral Bargaining and the 1990 Strike (Edwin Diamond) 71:2, 467.

JENSEN, CARL, Censored: The News That Didn’t Make The News – And Why (Ken Metzler) 71:2, 462.

JETER, JAMES PHILLIP, KULDIP R. RAMPAL, VIBERT C. CAMBRIDGE, and CORNELIUS B. PRATT, International Afro Mass Media: A Reference Guide (Tendayi S. Kumbula) 74:2, 439.

JOHNSON, PHYLIS A. and MICHAEL C. KEITH, Queer Airwaves: The Story of Gay and Lesbian Broadcasting (Rodger Streitmatter) 78:4, 869.

JOHNSON, THOMAS J., CAROL E. HAYS, and SCOTT P. HAYS, eds., Engaging the Public: How Government and the Media Can Reinvigorate American Democracy (James L. Aucoin) 76:2, 393.

JOHNSON-CARTEE, KAREN S. and GARY A. COPELAND, Manipulation of the American Voter: Political Campaign Commercials (Lawrence Bowen) 75:1, 215.

JOHNSTON, CARLA B., Global News Access: The Impact of New Communications Technologies (Debashis “Deb” Aikat) 76:2, 395.

JOHNSTON, LYLE, “Good Night, Chet”: A Biography of Chet Huntley (William E. Huntzicker) 80:3, 743.

JONES, STEVEN G., ed., Cybersociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community (G. Blake Armstrong) 73:1, 248.

JONES, STEVEN G., ed., Virtual Culture: Identity & Community in Cybersociety (Susan B. Barnes) 74:4, 907.

JORDAN, WILLIAM G., Black Newspapers and America’s War for Democracy, 1914-1920 (Bernell E. Tripp) 79:2, 473.

JOSHI, S.T., ed., H.L. Mencken on Religion (Nancy Roberts) 80:2, 460.

JUNG, DONALD J., The Federal Communications Commission, the Broadcast Industry and the Fairness Doctrine, 1981-1987 (S.L. Alexander) 74:1, 206.

JUREY, PHILOMENA, A Basement Seat to History: Tales of Covering Presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter and Reagan for the Voice of America (Maureen J. Nemecek) 73:4, 995.

JUST, MARION, ANN CRIGLER, DEAN ALGER, TIMOTHY COOK, MONTAGUE KERN, and DARRELL WEST, Crosstalk: Citizens, Candidates, and the Media in a Presidential Campaign (Catherine A. Steele) 74:1, 203.

K

KAID, LYNDA LEE and CHRISTINA HOLTZ-BACHA, eds., Political Advertising In Western Democracies: Parties and Candidates on Television (Montague Kern) 72:4, 972.

KALB, MARVIN, The Nixon Memo: Political Respectability, Russia, and the Press (Laurence B. Lain) 73:1, 259.

KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R. and HAMID MOWLANA, Mass Media in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Handbook (Abdul Karim Sinno) 72:1, 246.

KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R. and THERESA CARILLI, eds., Cultural Diversity and the U.S. Media (Salma I. Ghanem) 76:1, 168.

KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R., ed., Images of the U.S. Around the World: A Multicultural Perspective (Anita Fleming-Rife) 76:1, 175.

KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R., ed., Global Communication (Hong Cheng) 79:1, 228.

KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R. and KULDIP R. RAMPAL, eds., Media, Sex, Violence, and Drugs in the Global Village (Kim Walsh-Childers) 79:3, 780.

KANISS, PHYLLIS C., The Media and the Mayor’s Race: The Failure of Urban Political Reporting (Wendy Swallow Williams) 72:3, 739.

KAPLAN, RICHARD L., Politics and the American Press: The Rise of Objectivity, 1865-1920 (William E. Huntzicker) 79:3, 785.

KAPLAR, RICHARD T. and PATRICK D. MAINES, The Government Factor: Undermining Journalistic Ethics in the Information Age (Henry Overduin) 73:4, 1000.

KEEVER, BEVERLY ANN DEEPE, CAROLYN MARTINDALE, and MARY ANN WESTON, eds., U.S. News Coverage of Racial Minorities: A Sourcebook, 1934-1996 (Jane Rhodes) 75:2, 436.

KEITH, MICHAEL C., Signals in the Air – Native Broadcasting in America (William R. Davie) 72:3, 752.

KEITH, MICHAEL C., Talking Radio: An Oral History of American Radio in the Television Age (Kenneth D. Loomis) 77:2, 439.

KEITH, MICHAEL C., Sounds in the Dark: All Night Radio in American Life (Judith Cramer, 79:1, 256.

KELLNER, DOUGLAS, Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern (Gigi Durham) 73:1, 258.

KELLNER, DOUGLAS, Grand Theft 2000: Media Spectacle and a Stolen Election (Bill Israel) 79:2, 489.

KENDALL, KATHLEEN E., ed., Presidential Campaign Discourse: Strategic Communication Problems (Edward C. Pease) 73:1, 260.

KENNERLY, DAVID H., PhotoOp (Kenneth R. Kobre) 73:4, 1010.

KERBEL, MATTHEW ROBERT, Edited for Television – CNN, ABC, and the 1992 Presidential Campaign (Bill Knowles) 72:2, 465.

KERN-FOXWORTH, MARILYN, Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Barbara Diggs-Brown) 72:1, 233.

KIERAN, MATTHEW, Media Ethics: A Philosophical Approach (Eddith A. Dashiell) 75:1, 216.

KINNEY, HARRISON, James Thurber: His Life and Times (R. Thomas Berner) 73:4, 1005.

KISSELOFF, JEFF, The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920-1961 (Lynette M. Lashley) 73:3, 754.

KITCH, CAROLYN, The Girl on the Magazine Cover: The Origins of Visual Stereotypes in American Mass Media (Dolores Flamiano) 79:1, 226.

KNIGHT, ALAN and YOSHIKO NAKANO, eds., Reporting Hong Kong: Foreign Media and the Handover (Robyn S. Goodman) 77:1, 204.

KNOWLTON, STEVEN R., and PATRICK R. PARSONs, eds., The Journalist’s Moral Compass: Basic Principles (Jeanni Atkins) 71:4, 1003.

KNOWLTON, STEVEN R., Moral Reasoning for Journalists: Cases and Commentary (Jack Dvorak) 74:4, 900.

KNUDSON, JERRY W., In the News: American Journalists View Their Craft (Dane S. Claussen) 77:3, 690.

KOCH, TOM, The Message Is the Medium: Online All the Time for Everyone (Stanley T. Wearden) 74:2, 442.

KOCHERSBERGER, ROBERT C., JR., ed., More Than a Muckraker: Ida Minerva Tarbell’s Lifetime in Journalism (Beverly G. Merrick) 73:4, 1007.

KODRICH, KRIS P., Tradition and Change in the Nicaraguan Press: Newspapers and Journalists in a New Democratic Era (Juanita Darling) 80:2, 480.

KOPPEL, TED and KYLE GIBSON, Nightline: History in the Making and the Making of Television (Erika Engstrom) 74:1, 216.

KOPPETT, LEONARD, Sports Illusion, Sports Reality: A Reporter’s View of Sports, Journalism, and Society (Randy E. Miller) 72:3, 753.

KOVACH, BILL and TOM ROSENSTIEL, The Elements of Journalism (W. Wat Hopkins) 78:3, 606.

KOVACH, BILL and TOM ROSENSTIEL, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect (George Sylvie) 78:4, 851.

KRAJICEK, DAVID J., Scooped!: Media Miss Real Story on Crime While Chasing Sex, Sleaze, and Celebrities (Cynthia Z. Rawitch) 75:2, 434.

KRAUS, SIDNEY, Televised Presidential Debates and Public Policy (Robert O. Wyatt) 2d ed., 77:1, 207.

KROEGER, BROOKE, Nellie Bly: Daredevil, Reporter, Feminist (Ed Hatton) 71:3, 745.

KURSPAHIC, KEMAL, As Long As Sarajevo Exists (Ray Eldon Hiebert) 75:2, 422.

KURTZ, HOWARD, Hot Air: All Talk All the Time: An Inside Look at the Performers and the Pundits (Thimios Zaharopoulos) 73:4, 1002.

KURTZ, HOWARD, Spin Cycle: Inside the Clinton Propaganda Machine (Wm. J. Gonzenbach) 75:4, 854.

KUYPERS, JIM A., Press Bias and Politics: How the Media Frame Controversial Issues (Anne Johnston) 80:3, 758.

<< Back

International Communication 1998 Abstracts

International Communication Divisioon

The Role of Culture in International Advertising • Niaz Ahmed, Saint Cloud State University • The purpose of this study was to contribute to the debate on standardized versus specialized approaches to international advertising. This cross-cultural content analysis compared print advertising from the United States and India and examined how cultural values are manifest in advertising. The results found that there were significant differences in the way these two countries produced advertising messages and that different cultural values were reflected in their advertising expressions. This cross-cultural study suggests that caution should be exercised when considering standardization in advertising between divergent cultures.

Saudi Arabia’s International Media Strategy: Influence Through Multinational Ownership • Douglas A. Boyd, Kentucky • This study reviews and analyzes Saudi information policy that has attempted to keep some Western-oriented entertainment and information programming from reaching that country’s citizens. The focus of the research is the kingdom’s special concern about Direct Satellite Broadcasting (DBS) and how members of the royal family have become involved in the most important commercial Arabic-language satellite service in the Arab world.

Television News in a Transitional Media System: The Case of Taiwan • Yu-li Chang and Daniel Riffe, Ohio University This paper examines TV journalists’ views of the burgeoning cable news industry in Taiwan, which has been undergoing transition from authoritarianism to democracy. The survey results showed that private cable news operations still are partisan. Journalists’ experiences of autonomy and job satisfaction are all affected by the partisan nature of cable news media. Those who work in organizations with neutral editorial policies enjoy a higher degree of autonomy. Those whose personal politics matches with the company’s editorial policy tend to be more satisfied with their work.

Press Finance and Economic Reform in China • Huailin Chen and Chin-Chuan Lee, Chinese University of Hong Kong • The study provides a detailed account of the changing structure of press finance in China and its impact on various aspects of press operation. It closely scrutinizes the role of marketization in the process of partisan press’ decline and the transformation of newspapers’ financial management, practitioners’ income system, ownership structure, production process, and content. The emerging patterns suggest that the Chinese press in undergoing a liberalizing experience in some areas, which serve to dilute its mouthpiece function.

American Imperialist Zeal in the Periphery: The Rural Press Covers the Spanish-American War and Annexation of the Philippines • Dane Claussen, Georgia and Richard Shafer, North Dakota • 1890s farmers were politicized by economic/legal issues represented by Nebraskan Bryan’s popularity. In the 1898 Spanish-American War, most early volunteers were from western states, and farmers could closely follow war news in general newspapers. But agricultural publications varied in coverage levels, were conflicted by simultaneous anti-imperialism and patriotism, and•despite understanding that the War’s true goals were capitalistic•failed to inform farmers about new market or new competition posed by overseas possessions.

Considering Alternative Models of Influence: Conceptualizing the Impact of Foreign TV in Malaysia • Michael G. Elasmar, Boston University and Kathleen Sim, Marketing & Planning System • A review of the different perspectives on the impact of foreign TV reveals that the current dominant paradigm concerning this relationship is known as “media-based cultural imperialism” or “media imperialism.” After reviewing the assumptions made by proponents of media imperialism, we asked whether this theoretical perspective adequately explains the relationship between consuming imported TV programs and being influenced by these programs. For proponents of media imperialism, finding a link between these two variables is sufficient to demonstrate the existence of a conspiracy against indigenous cultures.

Reporting Under Civilian and Military Rulers in Africa: Journalists’ perceptions of Press Freedom and Media Exposure in Cameroon and Nigeria • Festus Eribo, East Carolina University and Enoh Tanjong, Buea • This study is a comparative analysis of journalists’ perceptions of press freedom in Cameroon and Nigeria. The former has a democratically elected government while the latter has a military oligarchy. The conventional wisdom or hypothesis that a democratically elected government may tolerate press freedom while a military regime will censor the press was not fully supported by the empirical evidence in this study. Cameroonian journalists in this study do not believe that the press is free.

Western Press Coverage of the United Nations Operation in Somalia: A Comparison of Extra- and Intra-media Data Sources • Anita Fleming-Rife, Pennsylvania State University • Extra-media data (UNOSOM II press briefing notes) were compared to intra-media data (newspaper content). Newspapers were: the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Christian Science Monitor, and the Guardian. Findings show that little news was reported and most was “bad.” While the focus was on conflict, correspondents did cover non-violent government activities. Finally, the data show that correspondents in the field are more likely to report that which they witness rather than rely on sources, official or unofficial.

Factors Influencing Repatriation Intention, an Aspect of the Brain Drain Phenomenon • Kingsley O. Harbor, Mississippi Valley State University • Based on Grunig’s situational theory, this study proposed and tested a systemic relationship represented by a casual model composed of attitudinal, communicative, and motivational variables. The systemic relationship so formed explained the intention of Third World students to or not to return home after their assignment in USA. Study used stratified random sample of 400 Third World students attending university. Phone interview refusal rate was 23%. Data analysis involved regression and path analytical models.

Korean Students’ Use of Television: An Expectancy-Value Approach • No-Kon Heo and Russell B. Williams, Pennsylvania State University • A questionnaire was administered to extend previous research on the expectancy-value judgments of media use in a study of Korean students’ television viewing experiences. Consistent with the previous findings, the data showed that students’ expectancy-value judgments were important in their viewing decisions. Above all, information seeking was the most expected outcome of television viewing among Korean students.

Putting Okinawa on the Agenda: Applying Three Complementary Theories • Beverly Horvit, Missouri-Columbia • This paper examines why U.S. and Japanese policy-makers decided to make changes in the base structure on Okinawa after a schoolgirl was raped in 1995. Applying three different but complimentary theories • agenda setting, rational decision-making and bureaucratic politics • provides a fuller understanding of how U.S. foreign policy was made on Okinawa. This interdisciplinary approach can also serve as a heuristic device to improve knowledge about the interplay media, foreign policy and international relations.

Beyond Asian Values in Journalism: Towards Cultural Politics in the Asian Media Globalization • Min Soo Kim, Pyonghwa Broadcasting Corp. • ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE.

Factors Influencing Gender Role Attitudes Among Lebanese Youth • Rana Knio and Michael Elasmar, Boston University • This study is an attempt to understand the various factors that influence Lebanese youth attitudes toward gender roles. In looking into possible associations, mere exposure was used as a guiding theory. Findings about gender role attitudes were varied. A weak, positive and statistically significant correlation was found between viewing US television programs and having more egalitarian attitudes toward gender roles. This particular finding supported mere exposure theory. However, traveling to the US and having friends and/or relatives living in the US had no influence on students’ gender role attitudes.

State Control on Television News in Post-War Lebanon • Marwan M. Kraidy, North Dakota • Whereas pre-war news media in Lebanon enjoyed a relatively high level of editorial independence, post-war Lebanon witnessed numerous conflicts between the Lebanese state and private broadcast media, caused by state attempts to control or ban television news and political programs. This paper traces attempts by the Lebanese state to control television news and analyzes internal and external factors influencing these attempts. Direct and indirect forms of control are discussed and conclusions are drawn.

Defining the Press Arbitration System: Its Impact on Press Freedom during the Sociopolitical Transition in South Korea • Jae-Jin Lee, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale • This study examines how press arbitration system has developed during the sociopolitical transition period in South Korea. The study analyzes how the press arbitration system has affected the relationships among the government, the press and the public. Considering that Korea’s press arbitration system reflects relative weight that the Korean society assigns to certain values, this study argues that the press arbitration system has served as main factor that brought major changes in the recent media environment.

Popular Literature and Gender Identities: An Analysis of Young Indian Women’s Anxieties About Reading Western Romances • Radhika E. Parameswaran, Indiana University • This paper takes an ethnographic approach to analyze young Indian middle-class women’s interpretations of imported Western romance fiction, particularly their responses to representations of sexually in these romances. My analysis is based on participant observation and interviews with forty-two women, teachers, parents, book publishers, and library-owners, which were conducted in Hyderabad, India during May-August 1996. I demonstrate that Indian women’s engagement with Western romances in postcolonial India is an experience that is mediated by their socialization within Hindu patriarchal and nationalist discourses.

Guiding Lights of International News-Flow Research: A Temporal Comparison of Influential Authors and Published Works • Yorgo Pasadeos, Emily Erickson-Hoff, Yvette Stuart and Laura Ralstin, Alabama • The international news-flow research literature has progressed from descriptive “foreign press” and “foreign news” accounts to modeling and fitting international news flow within broader theoretical frameworks. Critical studies of international news flow have had a similar progression. Although the international news flow have had a similar progression. Although the quantitative expansion in this research area in the 1980s was not matched in the current decade, qualitative progress may have offset the relative stagnation in the quantity of recent international news-flow research.

Can the Leopard Change its Spots: Parliamentarians’ Attitudes About Press Freedom in Zambia • Greg Pitts, Southern Methodist • Democracies have a free press. In Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda’s humanism defined the role of the individual and the press. Zambians experience greater freedom since muliparty elections in 1991 but humanism has shaped the values of current leaders. This paper quantitatively investigates support for the press among the Zambian Parliament. Regression models show that perceptions of media accuracy and fairness are not indicators of press support. Zambia must experience intergenerational value changes to overcome Kaunda’s humanism.

South Asian Student Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Advertising: Measuring Across Cultures • Jyotika Ramaprasad and Michael L. Thurwanger, Southern Illinois University • Using a survey, this study applied to South Asia constructs developed in the United States • beliefs about advertising and attitude toward advertising in general (AG) • and their operationalizations with two goals in mind. First, to determine whether the factor structure of these beliefs is similar in the United States and South Asia. Second, to measure whether South Asian consumers’ beliefs about advertising predict their AG. The five South Asian countries in the study were Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

American News Coverage of International Crisis Negotiations: Elite Sources of Media Framing and Effects on Public Opinion • Dhavan V. Shah, Wisconsin; Kent D. Kedl and David P. Fan, Minnesota • The manner in which media present elites’ interpretations of international crises has important implications for strategic public diplomacy. This study considers two recent international crises: the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (1990 – 1991) and the military coup d’ tat of Haiti (1993 – 1994). Framing provides a basis for an analysis which examines (a) the problem definitions and treatment recommendations attributed to U.S. elites in key newspapers, and (b) the effects of these negotiations frames on public opinion.

Broadcasting in South Africa: The Politics of Educational Radio • Paul R. van der Veur, Montana Tech of the University of Montana • This paper explores efforts by successive British and Afrikaner led governments to use the educational potentials of broadcasting in molding the development of the African population. The study traces the transition of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) into a vehicle for the extension of Afrikaner nationalism and subsequently into an institution in the vanguard of the movement toward a multicultural democracy.

An Economic Imperative: Privatization as Reflected in Business Reporting in the Middle East • Leonard Ray Teel, Georgia State University; Hussein Amin, American University in Cairo; Shirley Biagi, California State University-Sacramento; Carolyn Crimmins, Georgia State University • Egypt, a socialist nation from the mid- 1950s until the 1990s, is an excellent case study of a national economy experiencing dramatic reforms in privatization and deregulation. Although similar economic initiatives are being undertaken in other Arab countries, including Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Tunisia and Morocco, reforms have been pushed ahead faster in Egypt, especially since 1994, and despite significant obstacles in the form of loyalty to socialist ideas, public cynicism toward capitalism, and general distrust engendered by recent economic fraud in the banking industry.

Why Beijingers Read Newspapers? • Tao Sun and Xinshu Zhao, Minnesota, Guoming Yu, People’s University • Unlike the previous studies that focus on why and how the Chinese government and Communist Party used the mass media, this study asks what Chinese audience look for while reading newspapers. From the perspective of uses-and-gratification theories, two dimentions were proposed: the societal-level information, and the individual-level information. Those two dimentions differ from the dimentions found in uses-and-gratifications studies conducted in the United States. Using an audience survey of 749 Beijing residents in November 1996, we conducted three independent round of factor analyses based on three different groups of variables.

Markham Competition

Telecommunications Policy Reform and the Legacy of the Indian Post-Colonial State • Paula Chakravartty, Wisconsin-Madison • The core concern of this paper is to understand the social context which frames the politics of the state’s changing role in economic development in India. In this paper, I argue that central to understanding the policy process of telecommunications is the issue of state legitimacy in a democratic regime. I argue that seemingly clear-cut telecommunications policy issues such as access to services, information disparity, regulation and public accountability, are actually fought over in the larger politics of nationalism and corruption.

Worldview Differences of Natural Resources Between Spain and Costa Rica: A Content Analysis of On-line Newspapers • Lorena Corbin, Iowa State University • The study analyzed the environmental content of two large circulation on-line newspapers, one from a developing country (Coasta Rica) and one from a developed country (Spain). Olsen, Lodwick and Dunlap (1992) developed a paradigmatic model which presents the differences between the dominant worldview and the post-industrial worldview. Based on this, it was expected that the Costa Rican paper would emphasize the exploitation of natural resources (dominant), while the Spanish paper would emphasize environmental protection (post-industrial).

A Content Analysis of The Jerusalem Post-Bias in Syria-Related and Har Homa Articles • Hala Habal, Baylor University • This content analysis was conducted with two separate samples. The first was a constructed two-week period, representing 1997. The second was a six-day period, beginning July 30 and ending August 6, representing a period of conflict. The highest category of main article theme fell under the “conflict” grouping. Most stories had Israel as their main focus, with the highest number of proper mentions. A greater number of sentences in the lead of each article fell in the “report/attributed” category, with very few in the inference and judgment categories.

The Price of Ignorance: How Correspondents’ Language Skills Limit Their Work in Japan • Beverly Horvit, Missouri-Columbia • Many of the American correspondents working in Japan do not understand the Japanese language. Their language skills limit their access to a wide range of sources, which may help distort their reporting, and pose other practical constraints. At another level, not knowing the language, both verbal and nonverbal, limits their ability to understand the Japanese culture, which is reflected in the language.

The Structure of International News Flow in Cyberspace: A Network Analysis of News Articles in Clarinet • Naewon Kang, Wisconsin-Madison and Junho Choi, Purdue University • This paper examines the pattern of international news flow in cyberspace, using network analysis. It suggests that the world system perspective no longer effectively clarifies the global structure of the international news flow in cyberspace. For the better understanding of the dynamics of international news flow in cyberspace, this paper suggests that (a) single or comprehensive interpretation(s) like political significance, global commercialism, and sociocultural proximity would provide a more plausible explanatory framework.

Journalism Under Fire: Reporting the El Mozote Massacre • Kris Kodrich, Ohio State University • In January, 1982, New York Times reporter Raymond Bonner came across a gruesome scene in El Salvador • the charred skulls and bones of dozens of men, women and children. His January 27 article, headlined, “Massacre of hundreds reported in Salvador village,” brought shock and outrage, but was soon discredited and criticized by U.S. government officials and media conservatives, included a vicious editorial in the Wall Street Journal. El Mozote has come to represent years of brutal repression in El Salvador.

Human Rights in China: A Pawn of A Political Agenda? A Content Analysis of The New York Times (1987-1996) •Xigen Li and Charles St. Cyr, Michigan State University • A content analysis of 10 years of New York Times coverage of human rights in China has found that The Times set its own agenda in covering human rights in China apart from president agenda. While U.S. president concerned more on U.S.-China trade than human rights in China, The Times continued its coverage of human rights in China as presidential concern subsided. The evidence over 10 years of news coverage also suggests that despite a relatively independent rate of production of human rights news stories by The Times, neither incumbent presidents nor their opponents treated human rights as a high-visibility, independent issue or as a separate issue in foreign policy.

Michael Fay in ‘Lash Land’: A Case Study of Social Identity Construction in Foreign News Coverage • Meredith Li-Vollmer, Washington • Foreign affairs reporters may routinely come across opportunities to enhance or protect the social identity of their national group; thus, their identities as U.S. citizens may influence the construction of international events. A framing analysis of articles covering the caning of American Michael Fay in Singapore reveals that journalists not only actively defended and enhanced the social identity of the United States, but also attempted to mobile a social identity dynamic in the American public.

Media and Democracy in Argentina • Dave Park, Wisconsin-Madison • This paper looks at how the constraints of Argentina’s mass media limit conditions for a healthy democracy. Media politics, corporate concentration, foreign ownership and market restraints are viewed as new censors of information in Argentina. In addition, vestiges of authoritarian control such as government regulation and threats against the press continue to plague the mass media. The conditions limit discussion of human rights issues while undermining basic rights to pursue, gather and disperse information.

News About Korea and Japan in American Network Television Evening News: A Content Analysis of Coverage in 1996 • Jowon Park, Tennessee-Knoxville • Television news abstracts about Korea and Japan in three networks’ evening news programs were analyzed. Importance, thematic content, and orientation of news were examined. The findings showed that the news about Korea was treated less importantly than the news about Japan. While Japanese stories showed diversity in thematic contents. Korean stories showed lack of diversity. The news about Korea had a strong orientation toward crisis, while Japanese stories were balanced between crisis and noncrisis orientation.

Pleasure, Imperialism, and Marxist Political Economy: Exploring A Biological Base • William Thomas Pritchard, Bowling Green State University • Marxist imperialism theses have problematized the consumption of Western media by non-Western cultures. This is an exploratory investigation into possible reasoning behind this consumption. An overview of cultural imperialism theory is presented, along with a problematic issue of Marxist imperialistic theory: the treatment of the concept of pleasure. Studies concerning the intrinsically pleasurable characteristics of color, sight, and other “building blocks” of media fare are presented as in-roads toward the possibility of Western media being intrinsically pleasurable.

Finnish Women and Political Knowledge: What Do They Know and How Do They Learn It? • Helena K. SSrkis, Iowa State University • According to a 1988-89 study, approximately half of American men score higher in political knowledge than three-fourths of American women. Various social and economic differences between American women and men are cited as the reasons for this finding. This study hypothesizes that because of the lack of these social and economic differences in Finland, a gap in political knowledge between women and men would not be found there. The most important predictors of political knowledge in Finland are also identified, which support the limited media effects model.

Hollywood Attracts South Korean Capital • Doobo Shim, Wisconsin-Madison • This study investigates the reasons for the Korean chaebols’ sudden participation in culture industry and capital investment in Hollywood in the 1990s. To do this, the Kim Young Sam government policy that made the change in the culture industry will be examined in view of the traditional economic system in Korea, especially with regard to chaebol policy. Finally, the implications of the globalization and the culture industry development on the whole Korean economy will be examined.

Telling the Truth or Framing a Crisis?: Comparative Analysis of the 1994 North Korean Nuclear Threat as Portrayed in Two American and Two South Korean Newspapers • Young Soo Shim, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale • This study investigated how two elite American newspapers and leading South Korean newspapers used different news frames in covering the 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis. The study unsupported a key hypothesis that the two American papers would focus more on the confrontational aspect of the crisis than the two South Korean dailies. But another main hypothesis that the two American newspapers would fervently advocate sanctions against North Korea than the two South Korean newspapers was supported.

Bahamian TV Programming, 1977-1997: A Case Study of Cultural Proximity • Juliette Storr, Ohio University •This paper revisits the debate on the international flow of television within the context of Straubhaar, et al., 1992, theory of cultural proximity and asymmetrical interdependence. The main focus of the paper is to examine how Straubhaar, et al.’s 1992 study applies to a small developing country like the Bahamas. 1,628 television programs on the national television station, ZNS TV-13, were analyzed for a period of twenty-one years, beginning with the start of local television in 1977 and ending in 1997.

Media, Markets and Messages: Ghana’s Radio Forced to Make Choices • Janice Windborne, Ohio University • Until Structural Adjustment, Ghana had an extensive, state-run broadcast system oriented toward education and development. Now, forced to privatize its media, the country is faced with the competition between fostering consumer culture among the growing urban elite class and fostering development of the rural majority of the country. Development messages are particularly relevant to women who generally have less education and fewer resources than men. Conflicting interests and consequent problems are examined.

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Open Competition
Transnational Journalism And The Story Of AIDS/HIV: A Content Analysis Of Wire Service Coverage • Nilanjana R. Bardhan, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale • This study links two global phenomena, AIDS/HIV and transnational journalism, and treats them both as dependent variables that intertwine to generate global images of AIDS/HIV. Weaving the concepts of news framing and agenda-setting with global news flow literature, this extensive study analyses the AIDS/HIV news frames of five transnational wire services-the AP, Reuters, AFP, ITAR-TASS and IPS-for the period 1991 to 1997. The strength of this study lies in its global scope. It addresses a global issue from a global platform.

A Distorted Mirror On The World: Photographs In The Los Angeles Times • Christopher E. Beaudoin and Esther Thorson, Missouri-Columbia • This study examines, via an extensive content analysis, the manner in which the Los Angeles Times covers the world via photography. The study relies on four theoretical frameworks, involving ideologies, personal values, news values, and stereotypes. Although the Times fared well in offering equal coverage of the developing world, focusing on Latin America and Asia, and offering a good mix of topic domains, it slipped up in terms of stereotyping individuals, especially women and non-adults.

Refining The Participatory Approach To Development Communication Through The Public Relations Excellence Model • Dan Berkowitz and Nancy Muturi, Iowa • Theoretical models of development communication have made a transition in recent years from a traditional top-down approach towards a participatory approach where beneficiaries of development efforts provide input for communication programs. This paper interfaces concepts from the recent public relations literature on communication excellence with the central ideas of the participatory approach. The conceptual discussion is then applied to a case study of a women’s reproductive health program in Kenya.

The Impact of Cable Television on Political Campaigns in Taiwan • Peilin Chiu, United Evening News, Taipei, Taiwan and Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted, Florida • This study examined the impact of cable TV on Taiwan’s election campaign strategies, the implications of political affiliation/ownership of cable TV to political campaigns, and cable’s role in Taiwan’s democratization process. The results showed that cable has provided an alternative platform for the opposition parties and encouraged the emergence of rational politics in Taiwan. More campaign media budget has been allocated for this emerging political medium, campaign candidates and staff are taking a pro-active role in expending their cable airtime.

Is the System Down? The Internet and the World Intellectual Property Organization • Dane S. Claussen, Georgia • Gore says Internet is an educational and democratic miracle. But Clinton proposes to WIPO treaties making it looking at copyrighted webpages a violation. Clinton’s rationale: unless copyright is dramatically toughened, artists/authors won’t create. His other rationale: anything received free on the Internet would otherwise be paid for (although little but pornography is now paid for). In contrast, this paper concludes that intellectual property’s domestic issues are unchanged, and related international issues are largely unresolvable.

Praising, Bashing, Passing: Newsmagazine Coverage Of Japan, 1965-1994 • Anne Cooper-Chen, Ohio University • This longitudinal study of Japan, the world’s #2 economic power, analyzed all 290 pieces that Newsweek published during 30 years. Japan was portrayed positively (praised)1965-74, but more negatively (bashed) as Japan grew in power and then in a balanced way after 1985. The study found a decade of inattention 1975-84, followed by a surge of coverage 1988-93, and then a drop (passed) in 1994. In those high-attention years, longer stories and an accentuated linking of the United States to stories about Japan occurred.

Missionary Translation in Colonial Kenya: Groundwork for Nationalism • David N. Dixon, Regent University • Missionaries engaged in massive evangelistic efforts throughout the colonial period in Africa. An important element in their work was publishing, and toward this end they reduced African languages to writing and taught the people to read. Missionary translation, however, had unintended political consequences that reverberate even today. This paper examines two case studies in Kenya, the Friends Africa Mission and the Africa Inland Mission, and explores the political effects of literacy.

Sixty-Five Years of Journalism Education in Latin America • Leonardo Ferreira, Donn J. Tilson and Michael B. Salwen, Miami • This paper reviews the state of journalism education in Latin America. It reports both historical and contemporary developments, noting how events in the region’s past affect the present. This inquiry is based on scholarly and biographical works, documentary materials, personal interviews and data from directories and catalogues. After decades of modernization and critical-oriented approaches, Latin American journalism started shifting away from its neo-Marxist past, even before the end of the Cold War.

Development News?: A Case Study Of The Coverage Of United Nations’ Activities In Somalia • Anita Fleming-Rife, Penn State University • This case study examines the coverage of the United Nations Operation in Somalia during a two-month period in 1993. It examines the coverage, not only in five western newspapers but in the United Nations’ press briefing notes as well. Findings show that the UN briefed the correspondents about development activities, but western correspondents ignored this topic-choosing to focus on conflict instead.

Public Relations Functions and Models: U.S. Practitioners in International Assignments • Alan R. Freitag, North Carolina-Charlotte • Based upon Grunig and Hunt’s four-stage public relations model construct and upon Broom and Dozier’s role classification theory, this research explores approaches taken by U.S. practitioners in international assignments. A survey of PRSA members indicates practitioners stress craft/technician functions in international assignments more than in their U.S. duties. Similarly, respondents favor the press agentry model in international assignments to a greater degree than in U.S.-centered practice, though this publicity-focused model dominates both facets of their practice.

A Cross Cultural Analysis of the Perceived Credibility of Television Reporters • Sarah Kay Happel and Charles A. Lubbers, Kansas State University • This study compares the perceived credibility of television reporters between the United States and Finland. The source credibility theory was tested by comparing female reporters to male reporters when covering a war story, and also when covering a fashion story. There were no sexist attitudes discovered in either country when a female reporter covered a non-traditional topic. However, American men and Finnish women perceived the male fashion reporter as less credible than the female fashion reporter.

The Influence Of Ideological Perspective On Three North American Chinese-Language Newspapers’ Framing Of China’s Resumption Of Sovereignty Over Hong Kong • Jui-Yun Kao and William A. Tillinghast, San Jose State University • This content analysis of the tone and news framing of China’s China Press, the World Journal owned by a Taiwanese news group, and the Sing Tao Daily owned by Hong Kong interests found that newspapers did follow a pro-government stance on the issue of China regaining sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 and that content of the three newspapers differed significantly from each other before and after the return.

Making a Difference: U.S. Press’ Framing of the Kwangju and Tiananmen Pro-democracy Movements • Sung Tae Kim, Indiana University-Bloomington • The purpose of this study is to examine how the New York Times and Washington Post framed two student-led pro-democracy movements in East Asia in 198 Os, Kwangju of South Korea and Tiananmen of China. The findings showed the U.S. elite newspapers used news sources and symbolic terms in an opposite manner to differentiate the two similar international movements. In addition, to detect different news frames concerning national interests and ideological perspectives, the different responses of U.S. government and other potential factors during these two movements were also discussed.

Front Pages Of Taiwan Daily Newspapers 1952-1996 • Ven-hwei Lo and Hsiaomei Wu, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anna Paddon, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale • After years of martial law in Taiwan, editors no longer publish under licensing and page restrictions and have had the opportunity during the past ten years to introduce design innovations. Using content analysis, the front pages of three Taiwan dailies were examined for their use of color, graphics, headline styles, modular design and number of stories. To what extent these newspapers, which print characters rather than letters and use vertical rather than horizontal lines of type, have adapted contemporary newspaper design styles is described.

Manifestations of Ethnocentrism in U.S.-Japan Press Coverage • Catherine A. Luther, Tennessee • The purpose of this study was to explore if manifestations of ethnocentrism could be found in U.S.-Japan press coverage. A sample of news items concerning U.S.-Japan relations was selected from the United States’ New York Times and Japan’s Yomuri newspaper. Using attributional biases as indicators of ethnocentrism, each news item was examined to see the types of attributions mentioned in the item. Results showed the presence of ethnocentrism, but mainly in the U.S. news items.

Worthy Versus Unworthy Victims in Bosnia and Croatia, 1991 to 1995: Propaganda Model Application to War Coverage in Two Elite Newspapers • Lawrence A. Luther, Ohio University • A content analysis of news articles in The New York Times and The London Times was conducted. The war in Bosnia and Croatia was divided into three periods of study between 1991 and 1995. Examined were articles that mentioned the perpetrators and victims of ethnic cleansing, and refugees. Results demonstrated that the Serbians were presented as the main group responsible for ethnic cleansing. The Bosnian Muslims were named in almost exclusive terms as the victims.

Interactive Online Journalism At English-Language Web Newspapers In Asia: A Dependency-Theory Analysis • Brian L. Massey, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Mark R. Levy, Michigan State University • Three different measures of socio-economic development were used in an attempt to account for differences in the degree of interactivity associated with English-language Web newspapers in Asia. A five-dimension conceptualization of interactivity was used, and two hypotheses based on the Dependency Theory of national economic development were tested. A content analysis of 44 Asian Web newspapers showed that interactivity neither decreased regionally, from Asia’s developed center through to its economically peripheral nations, nor sub-regionally.

How Should Development Support Communication Address Power And Control Issues In Third World Development? A Nomological Analysis • S. R. Melkote, Bowling Green State University • This essay is an attempt to sketch a nomological framework for development support communication (DSC). The author defines what he/she believes should be the outcome for research and practice in this field, look at the relationships and differences between constructs, examine the practices or exemplars and explicate the role implications for DSC practitioners in the intervention process. The focal point of this essay is the concept of empowerment.

Split Images: Arab and Asian Political Leaders’ Portraits in Major U.S. News Magazines • Hye-Kyeong Pae, Georgia State University • This study reports how Arab and Asian political leaders are portrayed in news magazines. The content analysis was based not on the space allotted in the magazines but on the feature of language used. The language was primarily categorized by five biases and then was classified by another four biases in terms of degree of favorableness. The results support the contention that news magazines in the U.S. pay more attention to the nations affecting U.S. interests and that there are split images between the allies and non-allies.

Professionalism and African values at The Daily Nation in Kenya • Carol Pauli, Marist College • An survey of 15 journalists at Kenya’s largest independent newspaper finds that they place high importance on such hallmarks of professionalism as willingness to go to jail to protect sources and belief in the value of education (McLeod and Hawley, 1964). It also suggests a journalistic role of “ombudsman/peacemaker,” which is different from American ‘roles (Johnstone, Slawski, and Bowman, 1976; Weaver and Wilhoit, 1986) but consistent with African communitarian values, as suggested by Bourgault (1993).

The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Thailand: From Mass Media Campaigns to Community Interventions • Pim Pisalsarakit and Diana Stover Tillinghast, San Jose State University • The study traces the progress of the HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns in Thailand from 1987 to present. Three campaign phases are examined-the initial mass media campaigns, the multisectorial collaboration campaigns, and the current community mobilization campaigns, which use mass media as a complement to interpersonal interventions at the grassroots level. The paper includes findings from a field study of three community campaigns aimed at modifying the at-risk sexual behavior of students as well as residents of Bangkok’s slum communities.

Human Rights and Press Freedom in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Four-Nation Analysis • Cornelius B. Pratt, Zambia and Evelyn Hone College • The institutionalization of human rights in sub-Saharan Africa is as vital to the region’s search for sustainable development, foreign direct investments, social and economic enterprise and good governance as it is to press freedom. Therefore, this disquisition, among other things, affirms the interplay between human rights and press freedom in four African nations. It argues that the inherent synergy between both will, in the long run, make each to more directly embolden the other.

Can Broadcasting Serve the Public Interest and Diversity Today? A Look at the Political Economic Underpinnings of Broadcast Deregulation in Europe, the U.K and the U.S. • J. A. Rush, Jr., Brigham Young University • In the U.S., the U.K. and Western Europe, the time-honored goals and functions of public service broadcasting are under attack from several quarters. The most prevalent of these is the drive to digitize the system awhile allowing the business demands of the marketplace to determine some issues traditionally reserved for government rules and policy-making. This paper takes a political economic look at some of the reasons and outcomes of global de-regulation of broadcast media.

Problematizing Comparative Studies, Institutional Research Environment and Feminist Perspectives in Japanese Television Drama Discourse • Eva Tsai, Iowa • In this paper I critique three areas of the scholarly discourse that has emerged to describe and explain Japanese television dramas. First, scholars must go beyond cultural comparisons to study Japanese television. Second, the television industry in Japan has directed the course of Japanese television studies. Third, feminist scholarship, in addition to its image analyses of Japanese programs, could add to the discourse by addressing the issue of positionality.

Wag the Press: How Changes in U.S. Foreign Policy Toward China Were Reflected in Prestige Press Coverage of China, 1979 vs. 1997 • Zaigui Wang and Dennis T. Lowry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale • This study used content analysis to compare the news coverage of four U.S. prestige newspapers of the state visits of Chinese Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping in 1979 and Chinese President Jiang Zemin in 1997. The results showed that news coverage of Deng’s visit (1997) was (a) more favorable, (b) had more coverage of controversial issues, (c) used more ideologically loaded labels in reference to the Chinese government.

International Advertising Strategies in China – A Worldwide Survey of Foreign Advertisers • Jiafei Yin, Central Michigan University • This paper explores how international corporations advertise in China. A worldwide survey of foreign advertisers in China, the first of its kind, was conducted. The study has’ found that the predominant majority of the companies surveyed use the combination strategy, that is, partly standardized and partly localized. Factors that relate to the advertising strategies used in China are the number of subsidiaries, the perceived importance of localizing language and product attributes, and the perceived importance of mostly Chinese cultural values.

Libel Law And Freedom Of The Press In China • Kyu Ho Youm, Arizona State University • In the context of libel law and press freedom in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), this paper examines “how the particular rules chosen reflect differing assumptions respecting reputation and a free press” by focusing on the constitutional and statutory status of reputation as an individual interest in China, on the judicial interpretation of Chinese libel law, and on the impact of the libel law on the Chinese press.

TV and the Perception of Crime and Violence Among Greek Adolescents • Thimios Zaharopoulos, Washburn University • This study looks at Greek adolescents’ television viewing and its role in influencing their perception of crime and violence. Greek adolescents accurately perceive the chances of becoming a crime victim is higher in the United States than Greece. Generally, as a group, they give accurate estimates of crime; chances of being victimized; and of the proportion of people working in law enforcement (first-order effects). On first examination, television seems to relate to how heavy viewers, as opposed light viewers, perceive the above issues.

Markham Competition
Coverage of Three Disruptive International Events in U.S. Newspapers • Raymond N. Ankney, North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This papers reviews the factors that contributed to U.S. newspapers covering three disruptive international news events. The cross tabulations identified several factors that influenced coverage. First, the higher the newspaper circulation size, the more likely a newspaper was to cover the events. A second factor was the presence of a foreign news editor. A third factor was the presence of an overseas news bureau.

Friend Or Foe? Bertelsmann And Kirch – Two German Media Companies And Their Uneasy Relationship With Regard To Digital Television • Kai Hattendorf, American • In today’s global media market, cooperation between competitors is increasingly common. The paper discusses the attempt by the German-based media companies Bertelsmann and Kirch-Gruppe to jointly develop digital Pay-TV in Germany. It shows as well that in Europe political control mechanisms minimize the power of the market by focusing on the policy of the European Unions Commissioner Karel van Miert.

How 10 American newspapers and the AP covered the world: A content analysis of June 29, 1998, to July 26, 1998 • Beverly Horvit, Missouri • A content analysis of 10 midsize and small U.S. newspapers was conducted for June 29 to July 26, 1998. Their international coverage was compared with The Associated Press’. The study showed the newspapers devoted a smaller percentage of their coverage to the Americas than did the AP; seven published a higher percentage from Western Europe. The newspapers ran about 6-11 international items – many briefs – a day, while AP offered about 48 items daily.

This Game is Brought to You Commercial-free: A Comparative Analysis of World Cup Soccer Television Coverage in Germany and the U.S. • Christian Kaschuba, Washington • This study analyzes “commercial elements” (advertising and sponsoring) in the television coverage of the 1998 Soccer World Cup in Germany and the United States. Hence, it compares coverage by non-commercial, public service broadcasters (ARD and ZDF in Germany) with commercial, i.e. profit-seeking, enterprises (Disney’s ABC and ESPN in the U.S.). The results of a content analysis clearly show that the coverage by ABC and ESPN in the U.S. is far more commercialized than the coverage by their German counterparts.

The Framing of Globalization in the First and Third Worlds: A Case of the Asian Economic Crisis and the IMF Rescue • Sung Tae Kim and Krista Kathleen Eissfeldt, Indiana University-Bloomington • This is a comparative study aimed at detecting ‘globalized’ news frames in major newspapers and newsmagazines published in the United States and South Korea. A content analysis was conducted of news coverage concerning the recent Asian financial crisis and the subsequent IMF bailout. Our findings are discussed with reference to cultural imperialism theory. Overall, we found that globalized news frames do exist in news stories, as evidenced by an unquestioning acceptance of neoliberalism, the imposition of blame on debtor-nations and traces of a “mentality of austerity” cultivated in media of the developing world.

Getting Neighbor’s News from “Monsters” living Thousand Miles Away? International News Flow among Asian Countries in the Internet Age • Yong-Chan Kim, Southern California • The present study examined whether the Internet affects the relationship between global news suppliers and local news organizations in Asia. This research critically reviewed the Malone’s “electronic market hypothesis”: the network technology will reduce transaction cost for interorganizational relations and the cost reduction will transform the hierarchically structured relations to market-type one. According to the interviews with 15 Asian journalists, the Internet is more likely to reinforce the current hierarchical relationship between the major Western news agencies and local news media in Asia.

A New Era of Freedom Latin American and Caribbean News Media Confront the Challenges of the 21st Century • Kris Kodrich, Indiana University • The news media in Latin America and the Caribbean have a tremendous opportunity in the 21st Century. Because of a new era of democracy in the region, the media have unprecedented amounts of freedom. They also are becoming more ethical, professional and technologically advanced. But the media also face incredible challenges. The region’s economies are teetering, and too many people are poor, hungry, sick and uneducated. Government restrictions are nowadays more legal than lethal.

National Interest and Coverage of U.S.-China Relations: A Content Analysis of The New York Times & People’s Daily 1987-1996 • Xigen Li, Michigan State University • This study tested the effect of national interest on the coverage of U.S.-China relations by The New York Times and People’s Daily. It examined the relationship between extramedia variables and the news coverage, and the relationship between national interest emphasis in the news coverage and the references to trade and non-trade political issues. The findings support the proposition that national interest affects the coverage of U.S.-China relations both in The New York Times and People’s Daily.

Songs of Freedom: A Communications Approach to the Study of Mau Mau Rebellion • Samuel Chege Mwangi, Iowa • This paper proposes a new way of conducting international Communication research in societies where illiteracy is high. It examines the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya and how music was used as a form of communication. It compares the songs against existing text books on the Mau Mau and makes the case that events as recorded in the music are corroborated in the books and therefore this is a credible and innovative way of conducting research.

Participatory Communication in a High School Setting: Lessons Learned and Development Alternatives from a Development Communication Project in Colombia • Rafael Obregon • The past two decades have witnessed an Increasing tendency to emphasize community participation as a key component in development programs. Development communication scholars and practitioners view participation as a crucial element in communication-related projects. Yet, the literature often highlights big scale projects that require high investments, often sponsored and implemented by international organizations without giving similar attention to small-scale, low-cost programs based on community participation approaches.

The Presidential Candidates In Political Cartoons: A Reflection Of Cultural Differences Between The United States And Korea • Jongmin Park and Sungwook Shim, Missouri-Columbia • This study examines the content of political newspaper comics in presidential elections to compare the culture of the United States and Korea from three perspectives: (1) the context of communication, (2) individualism vs. collectivism, and (3) confrontation. It finds a clear difference between candidate images in the cartoons of America and Korea. These three dimensions were good indicators of cultural differences between Western and Asian society.

Media Of The World And World Of The Media: A Crossnational Study Of The Ranking Of The “Top 10 World Events” From 1988 To 1998 • Zixue Tai, Minnesota • This paper studies the ranking of the top 10 world events from 1988 to 1998 by 11 media representing eight countries and examines the similarities as well as differences between/across media and nations. Findings indicate that all media display bias of their own in their ranking of the top world events and are myopic to those stories that are culturally, geographically and psychologically close. Media from the same national setting show strikingly similar patterns in their evaluations of world news.

Chilean Conversations: On-line forum participants discuss the detention of Augusto Pinochet • Eliza Tanner, Wisconsin-Madison • More than a thousand people participated in an on-line discussion of the October 1998 London detention of Chile’s ex-dictator and actual senator-for-life Augusto Pinochet. This textual analysis of 1670 letters shows that participants in the Spanish-language forum of La Tercera en Internet created and interacted in a virtual space that was important to them. Forum participants saw this communication as essential to the Chilean reconciliation process and a way to strengthen civic life.

Giving Peace a Chance? Agenda-building influence of Nobel Peace Prize announcements in U.S. newsmagazines, 1990-1997 • Michelle M. Tedford, Ohio University • This study found no support for an agenda-building influence in U.S. newsmagazines by the Norwegian Nobel Committee’s announcement of Peace Prize winners. Stories about the winners were measured for the two years surrounding each announcement since the end of the Cold War. Those not already considered news makers before the announcement received little coverage after the announcement. In stories announcing the winners, greater space was devoted to those already on the news agenda.

<< 1999 Abstracts

Minorities and Communication 2003 Abstracts

Minorities and Communication Division

Framing News Stories: The Role of Visual Imagery in Priming Racial Stereotypes • Linus Abraham, Minnesota and Osei Appiah, Ohio State • Three thematic news reports on welfare, the three-strikes law, and school vouchers were differentially illustrated with photographs. News stories were either illustrated with no images, with two photographs of blacks, with two photographs of whites, or with two photographs, one of a black and the other of a white person (mixed condition). In none of the four conditions did the text make any reference to the ethnic/racial identity of the subjects in the photographs juxtaposed with the text.

Are You Targeting Me? Effects of Ethnic Identification on Web Browsers Attitudes Toward, and Navigational Patterns on Race-Targeted Sites • Osei Appiah, Ohio State • Contrary to research that suggests blacks can only be reached effectively with black-oriented media (e.g., Appiah & Wagner, 2002; Fannin, 1989), this research demonstrates that there appears to be subset of the black population that can be reached equally well with white-targeted media as they can with black-targeted media. The study findings confirm expectations that blacks’ differential responses to race-targeted web sites are mediated by their level of ethnic identity.

La Opinion Digital: The Framing of Latino Immigrants’ Issues From a Latino Journalistic Angle • Jose Luis Benitez, Ohio-Athens • This study examines how a Spanish-language newspaper through its online version • La Opinion Digital • frames the issues concerning the Latino immigrants in the United States, the extent this journalistic reporting “advocates” for these communities, and how the different Latino groups are represented in the coverage of this newspaper. The findings of this content analysis from June 2001 • June 2002 highlight crucial relations between the reporter and certain aspects in the process of framing the news story.

Diversity • Awareness Assignments: Effective Teaching Tools for Journalism Students • Lori Boyer, Louisiana State • No abstract available.

Can We Talk? Racial Discourse as Community-Building Paradigm for Journalists • Meta Carstarphen, Oklahoma • This study is a discourse analysis of transcripts taken from depth interviews with 60 journalists about race and journalism. Framed by Oscar Gandy’s call from a structural approach to the study of communication and race and in light of continuing research about news and stereotyping, this new analysis of 1997 data offers some exploratory interpretations about the ability of journalists to define race, and to describe their racial sensibilities as members of a “discourse community” within their workplaces.

The More Public Schools Reform Changes, The More it Stays the Same: A Framing Analysis of Brown v. The Board of Education • Anita Fleming-Rife and Jennifer M. Proffitt, Penn State • Three salient frames emerged from the study of two Topeka newspapers, one mainstream and one black: conflict, consequences and dominant/subordinate. These frames told readers what and how to think about the United States Supreme Court decision on Brown. This study finds that the reform measures made in opposition to desegregation have survived for nearly 50 years and are now framed as public education policy measures aimed to assist disadvantaged students acquire improved educational access.

News Use and Knowledge about Diabetes in African Americans and Caucasians • Kenneth Fleming and Esther Thorson, Missouri-Columbia • Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model, this study examined the effects of newspaper and local television coverage of health care through personal relevance on development of knowledge about diabetes in African Americans (n=387) and Caucasians (n=1,219). The findings show that attention to news media, not exposure, and personal relevance have independent positive effects on knowledge about diabetes in both samples.

The Symbolic Convergence of Color On “Cops” • David B. Franz and William R Davie, Louisiana-Lafayette •Reality television has brought forth a variety of slices of life, and perhaps none more powerful to the public perception of crime and justice than the reality police drama. This content analysis based on substantial data sets from “Cops” applies the symbolic convergence theory to demonstrate how the show establishes patterns of what constitutes a rhetorical vision based on the behavior of police officers toward minorities.

A Matter of Life and Death: Effects of Emotional Message Strategies on Black Women’s Attitudes about Preventative Breast Cancer Screenings • Cynthia Frisby, Missouri-Columbia • A 2×2 experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of message strategies on attitudes toward breast cancer prevention. The researcher used a sample of African American women (n=59) and two dependent variables: willingness to have a mammogram and perceived importance of breast cancer screening. Results indicated that message appeals utilizing testimonials taken from real breast cancer survivors are most effective in increasing willingness to have mammograms and perceived importance of regular screening.

Performing the Watchdog Function: An Investigation of the Status of Freedom Of Expression Within Native American Tribal Courts • Stacey J. T. Hust, North Carolina-Chapel Hill • Much has been published about the perceived censorship of Native American newspapers, but very little research about the tribal courts’ protection of press freedoms has been conducted. This study analyzes how free expression is defined and protected by native Tribal Courts. Results show tribal courts do not often deal with freedom of expression cases. However, the few cases included in this study, show tribal courts do protect their tribal members’ rights of free expression.

Model Minority: Portrayal of Asians and Asian Americans on U.S. Prime-Time Television • Jin Hee Kim, Penn State • This study examines the portrayal of Asians and Asian Americans on U.S. prime-time television at three different levels: programming, character, and scene. They frequently appear on drama genres, and their typical roles are as temporary special guests, or other minor, background, and crowd roles. Their occupations on television are heavily oriented to the legal, education, and health care fields. At the scene level, their most typical stereotype on television was “all work and no play.”

The Fighting Whites Phenomenon: Toward an Understanding of the Media’s Coverage • Lynn Klyde-Silverstein, Northern Colorado • The Fighting Whites, an intramural basketball team at the University of Northern Colorado, inspired a media frenzy during March 2002. Their names and mascot, a caricature of a Caucasian man, was an attempt to shed light on what many people considered a racist mascot in a nearby high school. Through interviews, this paper seeks to understand the media coverage afforded the team.

Media Use and Attitudes Toward Asian Americans • Tien-tsung, Washington State and H. Denis Wu, Louisiana State • No abstract available.

Portrayals of Asian Americans in Michigan State Magazine Ads: An Update • Ki-Young Lee and Sung-hee Joo, Michigan State • This study examines the extent to which portrayals of Asian Americans in magazine ads reflect a “model minority” stereotype commonly associated with this group. Portrayals of Asian Americans are content-analyzed in terms of several dimensions reflecting their model minority stereotype. The findings are also compared with those from the analysis of blacks and Hispanics’ portrayals. The results of a series of logistic regression analyses show that despite some improvement, the presence of Asian Americans is still limited to narrowly defined stereotypical roles.

College Students’ Stereotypes of Different Ethnicities in Relation to Media Use: What are they Watching? • Moon J. Lee, Meagan S. Irey, Heather M. Walt and Alana J. Carlson, Washington State • This study examined how college students in two regions stereotyped different ethnicities in relation to their television viewing patterns. Students were asked to rate six ethnic groups based on a brief version of the Big-Five Personality Traits. The purpose was to investigate whether heavy television viewing affects individuals’ stereotypes. In particular, how television exposure of different programming types influences individuals’ ratings of ethnic groups.

Competing Frames and Images of Carl McCall: An African American New York Gubernatorial Candidate • Belio A. Martinez, Jr., Florida • In 2002, State Comptroller Carl McCall, an African American ran unsuccessfully for New York State Governor as the Democratic candidate. Critics blamed McCall’s depleted funds and old-style campaigning for the low turnout among blacks. This paper offers an analysis of the key frames used by the McCall camp and the media to communicate his candidacy to black voters. It also examines the McCall frames held by blacks and their interpretation of the media’s frames.

Korean Immigrants’ Media Uses and Gratifications in the United States • Seung-Jun Moon and John DeLamater, Wisconsin-Madison • This study investigates Korean immigrants’ media usage patterns, based on the Uses and Gratifications perspective. MANOVA and a hierarchical regression were used, and results from the two different methods are consistent with each other in that the Uses and Gratifications perspective was applicable in explaining Korean immigrants’ American media usage patterns but not in explaining their Korean media usage patterns.

Use of Elite and Non-elite Sources At the Navajo Times and the Gallup Independent: A Conent Analysis • Keena Neal and Marcella LaFever, New Mexico • This study investigates the use of elite and non-elite sources to determine whether differences exist between mainstream and ethnic newspaper publications. A content analysis measured three dependent variables: who is quoted, elite or non-elite; title given, generic or non-generic, and; positioning within the article, front page or jump. Two newspapers were used as the independent variable: the Navajo Times, a newspaper of the Navajo Nation, and the Gallup Independent, a privately-owned newspaper.

Coverage of Arab Americans Before and After 9/11: A Content Analysis of Major U.S. Newspapers • David Oh, Syracuse • This study examines the extent to which Arab Americans were cast as the “other” in major U.S. newspapers after September 11, 2001. A content analysis was conducted to determine the extent to which Arab Americans have been depicted as outgroup members, ingroup members, and victims. At least in terms of coverage of Arab Americans, the results of this study seem to confirm the existence of modern racism and its manifestation after 9/11.

How Television Defines Deviance: African American Athletes and the Culture of Poverty • James A. Rada, Howard and K. Tim Wulfemeyer, San Diego State • No abstract available.

Pitting Latinos against African Americans?: Narratives of Inter-Ethnic Relations in News Reporting of 2001 Census Statistics on Race and Ethnicity • Ilia Rodriguez, St. Cloud State • This paper offers a critical reading of news reporting on the statistics on race and ethnicity released by the U.S. Census Bureau in January 2003. It focuses on the analysis of framing patterns in mainstream newspapers to show how they produce a discourse on the inter-ethnic relation between Latinos and African Americans that emphasizes competition, conflict and antagonism, while ignoring or marginalizing common goals and stories of solidarity among minority groups.

Lifting as we Climb: The Role of the National Association Notes in Furthering the Issues Agenda of the National Association of Colored Women, 1897-1917 • Dulcie M. Straughan, North Carolina-Chapel Hill • This paper examines the role of the National Association Notes, the official publication of the National Association of Colored Women, in helping both to further the issues agenda of the organization and to build a sense of unity among its members. This paper analyzes stories from the first 20 years of the publication and identifies six major themes, or issue topics that appeared in The Notes over the 20-year period.

Publications of a Dangerous Tendency: Press Suppression in the Civil Rights and Gay Rights Movements • John C. Watson, American • This article examines the link between press freedom and the civil rights struggles of two minority groups in the United States. The focus here is on the similarities between the efforts to suppress press freedom as a means of quelling the movements, and the consequences of success and failure. This examination highlights the role played by the law and U.S. Supreme Court rulings on cases generated by suppression.

Can Cross Burning Be Constitutionally Proscribed?: Sixty Years of Hate Speech Rulings Culminating In Black v. Virginia • Roxanne S. Watson and Courtney Barclay, Florida-Gainesville • In a landmark decision 10 years ago, the U. S. Supreme Court found a statute prohibiting cross burning to be unconstitutional. Recently, however, events in Virginia have prompted the Court to hear arguments in another cross burning case in December 2002. The Court is expected to release its opinion by June 2003. This paper argues that cross burning is speech which can be proscribed consistently with the First Amendment.

<< 2003 Abstracts

JLID Fellows 2007-08

Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Kathy Bradshaw, Bowling Green State University
2. Carolyn Byerly, Howard University
3. Anita Fleming-Rife, Grambling State University
4. Jon Funabiki, San Francisco State University
5. Sherlynn Howard-Byrd, Alcorn State University
6. Kimberly Lauffer, Towson University
7. Julianne Newton, University of Oregon
8. Humphrey Regis, North Carolina A&T University
9. Felecia Jones Ross, Ohio State University

<< JLID Fellows